Pregnancy Tests

• rosette inhibition assay –
•  for early pregnancy factor
• can detect EPF within 48 hours of fertilization
• expensive
• time consuming
• testing of beta hcg level in blood -
• testing urine hcg level
• by ultra sound scan to detect a gestational sac

                                            

Diagnosis of Precocious Puberty

Clinical – 

• History
•  
• Previous CNS infections
• Head trauma
• Any other chronic illness
• Family history of premature puberty

• Examination

• Tanner’s staging
• Careful CNS examination for focal deficits

Investigations –

• Ultrasound scan of the abdomen
• Serum FSH/LH
• Skull X-Ray
• X-ray of the wrist-for bone age

If you have any query, just leave it on comments, I am always looking forward to answer them all.

Calculating the Period of Amenorrhea

• All you have to do is count the number of days there were from the first day of the last menstrual cycle to the present day.(e.g.: March 20)
• Take the first date of the last menstrual period. (e.g.: January 10^th)
• Deduct it from the number of dates in that month. (31-10=21)
• Add the remaining days to it. (21+ 28(Feb)+20(March)=69 days)
• Divide the number of days from 7. (69/7=9 weeks and 6 days) 
• Then you have the POA in weeks

If you have any query, just leave it on comments, I am always looking forward to answer them all.

Diabetes Mellitus

• Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests (OGTT)

• Patient is asked to take an unrestricted carbohydrate diet for three days.
• On the third day he/she asked to stay fasting for 10 hours. (Can drink water, but should not smoke)
• On the morning his/her blood sugar is measured and noted.
• Then he/she is given 75g of glucose dissolved in 250 ml of water (Given to drink over a period of 15 min)
• Then blood sugar level and urine sugar level is measured every 30 minutes

• Diagnosis according to the findings

• Glucose Challenge Test

• No prior preperations.
• 50g of glucose is given to drink.
• Blood glucose level is measured after 1 hour.

• Diagnosis according to the results.

If you have any query, just leave it on comments, I am always looking forward to answer them all.

Congenital Rubella Infection

• Mother :
• Clinically – 

Asymptomatic
Symptomatic – fever

Arthralg
Malaise
Lymphadenopathy – sub occipital & posterior
 Characteristic macular rash in the face and the trunk

                                           

                                         

Pure clinical diagnosis is very unreliable

• Serological tests – Detection of Rubella specific IgM

                           Four fold rise in IgG in two samples taken seven days

                                    apart

     (High IgG levels also can indicate pass immunization or infection)

 If you have any query, just leave it on comments, I am always looking forward to answer them all.